COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIAGNOSIS AND BEHAVIOUR BY GENDER IN PEOPLE WITH ASD

 International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, Vol 9 No 4 (2026), pp. 2177-2190

Comparative analysis of diagnosis and behaviour by gender (men and women) in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Manuel Ojea Rúa
Lydia Castro Núñez

ABSTRACT: People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) constitute a specific group, characterized by neurobiological developmental alterations in systemic development at the level of psycho- cerebral information processing, which affects men at a higher prevalence of 3–4 men for every woman, although little research has been conducted into the causes of this difference. This study aims to analyze, where applicable, whether there are possible differences in the gender variable (men and women) in relation to the etiological basis and subsequent behavior or profile. To this end, a total of 116 participants with ASD took part, comprising 87 men and 29 women, who agreed to answer the questions posed in a questionnaire-interview. As can be seen from the results, it can be concluded that, in relation to the determining statistic of the KMO and Bartlett’s Test factor analysis, the group of men presents a greater explanatory load with regard to the genetic burden associated with the 15q11-q13 chromosomal region (sig: .02); whilst the ‘diseaseway’ variable shows a greater explanatory load in the women’s group in the coefficients of the linear regression analysis, with a significance level of 0.02 in the determinant statistics. However, in no case can significant general differences in the diagnostic process be corroborated between the codes; yet, the coping component in relation to the genetic burden and/or early-onset diseases is clearly differential in the codes of the “gender” variable, which may lead to confusion with current analyses of the diagnostic process. 

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KEYWORDS: Autism Spectrum Disorder, differences in diagnosis between men and women with ASD, behavioral differences related to ‘gender’, genetics and autism, early-life illnesses and autism, environmental and organic factors within the family. 

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Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.47191/ijcsrr/V9-i4-50

Index Copernicus: https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=4853507
Europub: https://europub.co.uk/articles/788621
Zenodo: https://zenodo.org/records/19894602
Open Air: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/result?pid=10.5281/zenodo.19894602
Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/feed/update/urn:li:activity:7455311414367473666
Academia.edu: https://www.academia.edu/166115306/Comparative_Analysis_of_Diagnosis_and_Behaviour_by_Gender_Men_and_Women_in_People_with_Autism_Spectrum_Disorder

RECONCEPTUALIZACIÓN DEL DIAGNÓSTICO DEL AUTISMO

 

Diario La Región, 22-4-2026 (on line puede verse el artículo completo):

 https://www.laregion.es/xornal-escolar/reconceptualizacion-sistemica-autismo-urgencia-necesaria_1_20260422-4246737.html 

TEST DE DIAGNÓSTICO DEL AUTISMO

 

ESCALA DE DIAGNÓSTICO DEL AUTISMO (VERSIÓN INGLÉS)

BP INTERNATIONAL: India and United Kigndom, February, 2026.

• Description

Currently, diagnostic assessment tools for individuals with ASD, even those that have been empirically validated, are based on the analysis of social and behavioural criteria. However, scientific research in the area of ASD has progressed significantly in developing hypotheses about perceptual-cognitive functioning, which involves highly specific psycho-neurological information processing. These factors, which are so important for understanding how people with ASD interact with the world, are not sufficiently operationalised for the assessment of the disorder in current assessment scales and tests, which can give rise to significant errors in the ASD diagnostic process. For this reason, a Perceptual-Cognitive-Behavioural Integration Scale (PS-PC-ASD-R) was developed for the diagnostic assessment of individuals with ASD.  It systematically integrates social and behavioural variables with factors that form part of the particular mode of perceptual-cognitive processing of individuals with ASD from the initial reception of the stimulus, source memory, the creation of neural relationships or nodes to encoding information by working memory, access to information in semantic and episodic memory, and the processes of retrieving encoded content according to the exigencies of the context. The PS-PC-ASD-R has been empirically validated through various specific quantitative experimental analyses throughout the study. The sample comprised a total of 346 participants, with and without an ASD diagnosis, corresponding to the three levels of intensity (APA, 2013), with a highly reliable level found in the Cronbach’s alpha reliability analysis, which is significantly high (a = .91), which can be inferred to indicate a high degree of statistical reliability in the study. The fundamental data that shaped the ASD diagnostic process are indicated, as the direct scores from the observation dimensions (DS) are transformed into their corresponding typical-score to continue the rest of the study (ZS), which finally located each ZS for each participant within the corresponding percentile (P), concluding the ASD diagnostic process.
Finally, located each ZS total for each participant within the corresponding percentile (P), concluding the ASD’ diagnostic process, concluding, mild ASD (level 1) ranges between the 50th-55th and 65th percentiles, which increases significantly to moderate intensity (level 2) between the 70th and 80th percentiles, and finally, the equivalent score for severe ASD ranges between the 85th and 100th percentiles.

NUEVA TESIS DOCTORAL: GENÉTICA Y AUTISMO

Hoy, 06/02/2026, se ha presentado en la Facultad de Trabajo y Educación Soal de la Escuela Internacional del Doctorado EIDO de la Univeridad de Vigo, una innovadora Tesis Doctoral, titulada ANÁLISIS ETIOLÓGICO DEL TRASTORNO DEL ESPECTRO AUTISTA, fundamentada en los principios psico- epi- genéticos y ambientals, la cual ha obtenido la máxima cualifiación académica.

TESIS DOCTORAL: Análisis etiológico del trastorno del espectro autista, 6/02/2026.

DOCTORANDA: Dra. Lydia Castro Núñez.

DIRECTORES: Manuel Ojea Rúa y Antonio González Fernández.

EHORABUENA LYDIA!

IMPORTANCIA DE LA MEMORIA FUENTE PARA EL APRENDIZAJE DE ALUMNOS Y ALUMNAS CON AUTISMO

DIARIO LA REGIÓN, 28/01/2026

 

Comparison between the Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI-R) and the Perceptual Behavioural Precision Scale (PS-PC-ASD)

Comparison between the Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI-R) and the Perceptual Behavioural Precision Scale (PS-PC-ASD) for the Diagnosis of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

PhD Manuel Ojea Rúa

European Modern Studies Journal, 9(6), 368-383

Abstract

Ojea (2023) has published a Perceptual-Behavioural Precision Scale (PS-PC-ASD) for the diagnosis of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which are made up of three main domains weighted based on the number of items 
that each domain contains: 1) the perceptual-cognitive domain, 2) the social domain, and 3) the practical domain, in the aim of incorporating the measurement of cognitive values that involve the level of neuropsychological and biological processing of information, starting from the input of information of the sensory-perceptual memory into the semantic and episodic memory if possible, as well as the interconceptual relationships developed by the coding processes, which provide this access through working memory.

This study compared the data resulting from the ASD' diagnosis, found in accordance with the PS-PC-ASD Scale, in relation to the Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI-R) (Rutter et al., 2003), which is based mainly on the basic criteria of the currently official International Classification of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013).

The main aim of this study is therefore to observe whether there're statistically significant differences in the diagnosis of people with ASD between the two Scales, the ADI-R Scale and the PS-PC-ASD Scale.

The comparative levels, found through the Wilcoxon statistical test, showed that there were significant differences in the diagnostic results of the participants, according to diagnostic Scale applied (sig: .00).

Furthermore, the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test found the variables of 'gender' and 'age' of the participants were interdependent for both Scales. Results didn't were shown significant differences in the variable ‘gender’ for the ADI-R Scale, non-significant critical levels were obtained (sig: .27), nor for the PS-PC-ASD Scale (sig: .81). However, when the PS-PC-ASD Scale was used, significant critical levels were observed for the variable ‘age’ (sig: .01), whereas in the ADI-R Scale, no statistically significant levels were found for ‘age’ variable (sig: .09).

Keywords: ASD, Diagnostic Scale, Cognition, Perception, Social, Behaviour, Neuropsychological Processing.

 Localización del Instituto de Investagaciones Científicas en Autismo, localizado en la Universidad de Vigo.