BEHAVIOURAL IMPROVEMENT OF PEOPLE WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

 

 Behavioural Improvement of People with Autism Spectrum Disorder

• Manuel Ojea Rúa & Andrea
•  Vieira Vázquez

Language, Literature and Education: Research Updates Vol. 2, 20 March 2025 , Page 117-136

https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/lleru/v2/4016

Published: 2025-03-20

Abstract
People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are defined by the International Classification of Mental Disorders. The basic aim of this study is to prove whether an integrated psycho-pedagogical program, structured in accordance with the psychosocial and educational mediation model, would lead to greater behavioural and educational action training in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The program has basically focused on psycho-cyto-cognitive mediation criteria, based on the progressive creation of neural networks and connections between information and acquired behaviours according to the particular needs of people with ASD selected according to the basic competencies initially assessed. An experimental research design on three measures has been based, on one pre-test (I), and two post-tests (II-III) was realized. A total of 14 children with ASD participated in the intervention program specific ad hoc applied for two years. Results found through comparative analysis Friedman Test and Multivariate Tests Within- Subjects Effects, showed that the intensive intervention improved children´s behaviour and their functional adaptation to the context and, in conclusion, social life and inclusion improved. More experiments and larger data sets will be needed however the indications are there that a collective learning environment needs to be created, therefore this is a very timely paper. This can be tested further. In conclusion, the integrated program can be considered an effective intervention to promote the development of social skills.
Keywords: 

• Spectrum disorder
 
• behaviour skills
 
• social abilities
 
• social mediation
 
• neural networks.
  
  

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CLAVES PSICONEUROLÓGICAS PARA EL DESARROLLO EN PERSONAS CON AUTISMO

Elementos- clave para desarrollar relaciones cognitivas entre la información entrante y el contenido previo en personas con trastorno del espectro autista para facilitar el desarrollo del aprendizaje (publicado en en el Xornal Escolar, La Región, 29-01-2025).

NEXOS PSICONEUROLÓGICOS PARA EL APRENDIZAJE EN PERSONAS CON TEA

NEW CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM OF AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDER (NUEVO PARADIGMA CONCEPTUAL DEL TRASTORNO DEL ESPECTRO AUTISTA)

Artículo publicado en la Revista Científica: International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 07(10), 8098-8109.

Article published in the Scientific Journal: International Journal of Current Science Research and Review, 07(10), 8098-8109.

Manuel Ojea Rúa, 31-10-2024

New Conceptual Paradigm of Autistic Spectrum Disorder

Manuel Ojea Rúa, PhD. University of Vigo, Spain, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9787-2520.

ABSTRACT: The two dimensions currently included in international classifications should include a third defining dimension, regarding to the analysis of intensity of needs relationship to the main parameters of psychoneural information processing, within the so-called processual dimension: - perception and sensory memory, - encoding and categorical grouping, - access of information to permanent memory, and - recovery of information in semantic terminology. These new criteria constitute basic elements governing the neurocerebral process in a global sense, which will allow the persistence or improvement of observable social and restrictive-stereotyped behaviours related to the two dimensions included in the currently classifications. An exhaustively analysed Case Study in all its evolution over 32 years, has allowed successive comparative analyses regarding the differential phases with the specific autistic diagnosis, whose final results allowed confirming new paradigmatic findings of new paradigmatic definitions of autistic disorder, its differential diagnostic processing and, therefore, the new specific kinds of psychoeducational intervention. 

KEY WORDS: Autistic Spectrum Disorder. New paradigm. Conceptual- propositional. Diagnosis. Intervention pycho- social and educational.

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ESCALA PERCEPTIVO-COGNITIVA DE DIAGNÓSTICO DEL TRASTORNO DEL ESPECTRO AUTISTA-REVISADA (EPPC-TEA-R)

ESCALA PERCEPTIVO- COGNITIVA DE DIAGNÓSTICO DEL ESPECTRO AUTISTA- REVISADA (EPPC-TEA-R) 

(Ojea, 2024)

Editorial Científica Digital LTDA (Guarajá - São Paulo - Brasil)

Síntesis:

De acuerdo con los avances científicos en el ámbito del diagnóstico y la intervención de las personas con trastorno del espectro autista, las teorías proposicionales más actuales del trastorno se basan en concepciones de tipo sistémico cíclico, que giran en torno al funcionamiento de los presupuestos básicos neuropsicológicos del procesamiento de la información. En este sentido, desde el primer momento en que se produce la entrada del estímulo informativo, a través de la memoria sensorial, hasta su almacenamiento en la memoria permanente y su posterior recuperación, se lleva a cabo un complejo entramado de redes relacionales para el funcionamiento procesual, de forma que cualquier limitación o bloqueo en la creación de estas relaciones nodales pueden generar importantes alteraciones en el sistema del procesamiento neuronal a nivel general. En efecto, en las personas con trastorno del espectro autista se producen particularidades específicas en el conjunto de los niveles de procesamiento cognitivo, debido precisamente a la presencia evidente de limitaciones interconexionales o relacionales en el sistema de conexiones GABAérgico del sistema cerebral, lo que ha sido refutado por múltiples investigaciones empíricas en la actualidad. Esta Escala de diagnóstico intenta, pues, realizar un análisis exhaustivo de todos los niveles funcionales perceptivo- cognitivos y las redes relacionales que giran sobre su funcionalidad, con el fin de complementar los estudios de diagnóstico evolutivo- conductuales, recogidos por las clasificaciones internacionales en la actualidad y, en consecuencia, aportar un instrumento de evaluación específico, que, como se muestra en la justificación empírica, se ha corroborado con un elevado nivel de fiabilidad y eficacia para proceder a una conclusión diagnóstica del trastorno, tanto a nivel general, como en relación a los tres niveles de necesidad de la categorización actual del trastorno.

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BOOK CHAPTER 2024

Comparative Study of Three Psycho-Socio- Educational Intervention Models to Facilitate the Comprehensive Development of Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (https://stm.bookpi.org/DHRNI-V7/article/view/15916). In Ahmed Kamal Dyab, Disease and Health Research: New Insights Vol. 7, 9 (pp. 138-159). BP International. 

https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v7/2440
ISBN 978-93-48119-82-7 (Print)
ISBN 978-93-48119-84-1 (eBook)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v7

Por Manuel Ojea Rúa

Abstract

The Psychosocial Mediation Model is not exclusive of the need for service provision, nor of the elaboration of specific programs, but it emphasizes professional and formative empowerment, in order to generate the competencies needed by teachers and families for adequately addressing students in their context, trying to provide a global response to demanding situations. This research consists of a comparative analysis of the results obtained in the development of students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) found as a consequence of the application of three basic models of educational guidance: 1) the Psychosocial Mediation Model; 2) the Counselling Model; and 3) the Services Model, delivered through services developed over three years, distributed across three experimental groups corresponding to each of these guidance models.

A total of 18 students with ASD of different levels, ages, and genders participated in the study, assigned to one of the three following groups: a social mediation model group, a counselling model group, and a services model group.

A study of the data was undertaken by analysing the multivariate contrasts of repeated measures ANOVA for a factor of three measures, both for the variable group types (three groups), as well as for the participants’ level, age, and gender variables.

Results show the statistically significant benefits of the social mediation model. Indeed, data found over three successive measurements indicate that in the third comparative measure, the Psychosocial Mediation Model shows comparative improvements, corroborated by significantly higher statistical means in regard to the other educational models, being mean for the Psychosocial Mediation Model (µ: 4.00), in relation to the control models, the Counselling Model (µ: 2.66) and the Services Model (µ: 2.33), whose critical values are statistically significantly different between the three models. However, when the ASD level interacts with the intervention model applied, the differences found do not show significant critical statistics, mainly in ASD level-3. The neurocognitive processing levels will affect psychosocial integral development, both the learning process itself and the development of social interaction and communication skills and the positive development of restrictive behaviours observable in people with ASD.

Keywords: 

• Autism spectrum disorders
 
• educational counselling
 
• social mediation
 
• psychoeducational intervention.

PRESENTACIÓN DEL LIBRO: TEA, ROMPIENDO MUROS

 PRESENTACIÓN DEL LIBRO, 3-10-2024

SÍNTESIS DEL LIBRO EN EL PERIÓDICO LA REGIÓN, 2-10-2024

SUPERACIÓN DEL AUTISMO O DIAGNÓSTICO INICIAL ERRÓNEO

 

Proceso perceptual de superación del trastorno del espectro autista o diagnóstico inicial erróneo

Por M. Ojea , agosto 2024

Capítulo de libro publicado en "Autismo. Uma abordagem multiprofesional", vol. 3(2) (pp. 29- 43). Guarujá, São Paulo, Brasil: Editora Científica Digital Ltda. ISBN: 978-65-5360-729-3. DOI:   10.37885/240817331

Resumen

El Trastorno del Espectro Autista se caracteriza por la presencia de particularidades en las redes neurales de la transmisión flexible de la información, que afecta a los niveles perceptivo- cognitivos y socio- conductuales. Esta investigación constituye un Estudio de Caso Único longitudinal realizado a lo largo de 32 años, estructurado en cinco intervalos- fases evolutivas (0–4.5; 4.6–9: 9.1–12; 12.1–16.5; 16.6–32 años de edad), que confirma la importancia de la influencia de las redes neurales sobre las demás variables que engloban el grupo sintomático del trastorno. Los cambios sucesivos diferenciales a través de las cinco fases de análisis, en relación con las variables “perceptivo”, “social” y “conducta” del análisis, son altamente significativos, que han sido hallados mediante la prueba comparativa de Friedam, mientras que la variable “nodos” se mantiene constante, con un nivel 0 de dificultad. Asimismo, como muestra el análisis de correlación de Pearson, las variables evolutivas del desarrollo se relacionan mutuamente de forma significativa para un nivel de .01 de significación estadística. Las conclusiones permiten confirmar que la variable relativa a la elaboración de relaciones nodales “nodos” influye de manera decisiva en la mejora evolutiva del resto de las variables analizadas, modificando progresivamente el grupo sintomático del trastorno, por lo que se señala que las variables neuropsicológicas del procesamiento neuropsicológico de la información, especialmente, aquellas variables relacionadas con la capacidad de elaboración de redes relacionales del procesamiento deben ser analizadas exhaustivamente de forma complementaria a los criterios socio- conductuales, recogidos en las clasificaciones actuales, para evitar posibles errores iniciales en las conclusiones diagnósticas.

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REMODELACIÓN NEURONAL COMO FACTOR PREDICTOR DEL TRASTORNO DEL ESPECTRO AUTISTA

Neuronal Remodelling as a Predictor of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis

Manuel Ojea & Lydia Castro 

Agosto, 2024

Abstract

People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are a neurodevelopmental symptom group characterized by significant deficits in information connectivity, mainly caused by specific genetic mutations affecting the fluency of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) system. This disruption, to a greater or lesser degree, hinders the interactive process of incoming stimuli with previously stored information, preventing working memory from fulfilling its role of facilitating access to information in permanent memory and later recovery. In addition to the genetic components, environmental processes occurring, above all, in early childhood, related to specific organic and severe psycho-emotional diseases can produce the same effects in the brain system as the genetic karyotypic component through the concept of neuronal remodelling. In this sense, this research aims to empirically show the influence of neuronal remodelling on the GABAergic pathway leading to the traits of autism spectrum behaviour.

A total of 175 participants from the three levels of ASD intensity have participated in this study. Data have been analysed through Linear Logistic Regression, which shows that both components, the genetic process and the environmental process, significantly influence the neural connective pathway that relates information, unlike other operationalized covariates, such as gender or age of the participants. Likewise, as shown by the Chi-Square Test, the interactions between genetic and environmental variables showed no differences in their interaction regarding the connectivity level that would explain the different levels of disorder. However, when there is a combination of genetic mutations in the diagnostic karyotype, there are significant differences between the genetic group and the environmental process over the neural network. 

Cite

Ojea, M., & Castro, L. (2024). Neuronal Remodelling as a Predictor of Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 16(3), 74-75. DOI:10.5539/ijps.v16n3p74 https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijps/article/view/0/50560

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GENETICA Y REMODELACIÓN NEURONAL EN EL AUTISMO (GENETIC AND NEURONAL REMODELING IN AUTISM)

Genetic-Environmental Components Associated with the Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder 

            European Journal of Science, Innovation and Technology,4(3), 394-410, 2024. ISSN: 2786-4936.

https://ejsit-journal.com/index.php/ejsit/article/view/466

Por Lydia Castro y Manuel Ojea 

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ABSTRACT

The conceptual evolution of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from a propositional configuration is defined as a multilateral process of neurodevelopment, based on a particular process determined by the presence of pyramidal neurons, which show a dendritic increase of alterations in the system of neuronal connections, which form a regulatory network of pyramidal glutamatergic activity. The etiology is basically due to multiple possible genetic mutations or environmental processes which, in turn, may cause specific neuronal remodeling, determined by certain psycho-organic conditions, whose consequences are observed in the GABAergic cerebral connexional pathways.

The scope of this study is to verify the significance of factorial clustering that directly or indirectly affect the genetic mutation process as an explanatory basis for the etiology of autism spectrum disorder and, consequently, to be able to establish major empirical predictions about the presence of this disorder associated cluster.

A total of 116 participants with autism have collaborated in this study, elaborated from the factorial dimensional reduction of the independent variables, which have been factorially reduced to two factors: "Disease" and "GENETIC", as explanatory dimensions of the etiology of the autistic disorder formed by the variable "level" (levels 1-2-3) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013) of the disorder. The study forms the analysis of groupings of belonging of the cases, according to the parametric statistical technique of hierarchical clustering through the Ward method, contrasted by means of an ordinal regression analysis of the logit link in order to elaborate the grouping of cases according to their particularities, which are corroborated by an ordinal regression analysis according to the logit calculation for the basic conceptual variable that configures the current neuropsychological development of autism, in relation to the capacity of elaboration of neural networks or nodes during information processing, which has been operationalized with the name of "nodes". Finally, comparative t-studies of the findings in both factors in relation to the variables sex and age of the participants were carried out.

The results concluded with the configuration of three differential clusters, which have been corroborated by a one-factor ANOVA analysis, which has indicated significant critical levels for the two factors (sig: .00). The contrasts of the ordinal regression analysis corroborated the goodness of fit of the factors as explanatory components of the etiology of the disorder (sig: .00), which have been duly corroborated by the ordinal regression analysis for these same etiological factors and the consequent statistical process of neural networks by means of the multilayer perceptron procedure. Likewise, no significant differential comparative t levels have been observed in the predictive results referring to the levels of the explanatory variance of the etiology of the diagnosis of autism as a function of the variables sex and age.

COMORBIDITY ANALYSIS ON PEOPLE WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER

 

BOOK TITLED: 

Comparative differential study of comorbid symptomatic groups associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder diagnosis

Manuel Ojea, Lydia Castro, Lourdes Rivas & Tania Justo (July, 2024). 

Wilmington, DE: Generis Publishing Ed. ISBN: 979-8-89248-450-3

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BOOK CHAPTER: AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER SCALE-R

 

CONFERENCE PROCEDINGS

CIVINEDU 2024

EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH:
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER SCALE- REVISED (pp. 10-16. July, 2024). 

By Manuel Ojea Rúa

ISBN 978-84-126060-2-7. 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58909/adc24377766

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ANÁLISIS PREDICTIVO DE LOS COMPONENTES PRINCIPALES QUE CONFIGURAN EL TRASTORNO DEL ESPECTRO AUTISTA

PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS THAT CONFIGURE AUTISTIC SPECTRUM DISORDER

Por Manuel Ojea Rúa

European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, 2(3), 779-791. 2024

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Abstract

At currently, developments regarding to autism spectrum disorder have enabled its diagnostic group to be defined as a multilateral neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by peculiarities in the procedural functioning of perceptual-cognitive parameters, derived from a characteristic connexional form in the pathway of interconnection between intrinsic information and contextual stimuli. In this characteristic process, neuronal networks are involved a fundamental processing task for working memory to be able to perform the set of executive functions with a certain degree of stability, which is severely limited in people diagnosed with this disorder. In this study, the reports of 403 participants diagnosed with the disorder were analysed with the following basic goals: 1) to analyse the relationship between relational deficits and the elaboration of semantic content, 2) to analyse the etiological attribution of the GABAergic pathway responsible for the limitations in these connections and, consequently, 3) to conclude the main predictive-explanatory level of this disorder. The data have been found by means of different statistical tests, both initial correlational tests, statistical calculation processes, univariate one-factor ANOVA tests and final consequential ordinal multinomial logit regression tests. Data found allow us to delimit that the regression equation of the model fitting information explaining the disorder shows a final logit model chi-square: 217.23, with a significant associated critical level (sig: .00), which are complemented by the significantly positive Pearson and Deviance data significantly related to the logit level (sig: .00), which confirms the importance of the predictive-explicative level of the neuronal and semantic variables derived from the GABAergic limitations in order to be able to be converted into the main propositional components of autism as a highly related neurocognitive systemic process. 

TRASTORNO DEL ESPECTRO AUTISTA: ROMPIENDO MUROS

LIBRO PUBLICADO POR EDITORIAL CLUB UNIVERSITARIO (Alicante, mayo 2024)
ISBN: SKU 978-84-127042-4-2
AUTOR: Manuel Ojea Rúa 
Páginas: 428

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Trastorno del espectro autista: rompiendo muros:

El libro titulado Trastorno del espectro autista: rompiendo muros comprende un relato biográfico-etnográfico enmarcado dentro de los análisis de investigación empíricos de los estudios de caso y realizado a lo largo de treinta y dos años de la evolución vital de Cristian (nombre ficticio).

Para facilitar la comprensión del manual, su desarrollo longitudinal ha sido estructurado en cinco intervalos evolutivos, correspondientes a la edad de Cristian: 1) 0-4.5 años, 2) 4.6-9 años, 3) 9.1-12 años, 4) 12.1-16.5 años y 5) 16.6-32 años. Para cada uno de los intervalos de edad indicados, se han analizado exhaustivamente

dos dimensiones específicas básicas, cada una de las cuales comprende el desarrollo de cinco subdimensiones o componentes principales de estudio, que conforman el funcionamiento neuropsicológico de la información del desarrollo humano, más específicamente centrado en las hipótesis del procesamiento de las personas con

autismo: I) la dimensión evolutivo-conductual: 1) el desarrollo del lenguaje, 2) el tipo de comunicación social, 3) el análisis de la interacción social, 4) el estudio de los comportamientos restrictivos y 5) el análisis de los comportamientos estereotipados; y II) la dimensión perceptivo-cognitiva: 1) el análisis de la atención-ercepción, 2) el estudio del proceso de codificación conductual, 3) el análisis de la creación de categorías, 4) el estudio de las relaciones nodales neuropsicológicas y 5) el estudio de la capacidad de elaboración y recuperación de la información existente en la memoria semántica.

El estudio ha sido complementado con un análisis comparativo perceptivocognitivo entre personas pertenecientes al grupo diagnóstico del autismo en relación con personas neurotípicas, lo cual ha permitido concluir con la elaboración de una nueva teoría conceptual que conforma el procedimiento perceptivo-cognitivo altamente específico de las personas con autismo, denominado teoría cíclica global (TCG) o teoría proposicional perceptivo-cognitiva.

El libro pone de manifiesto que un diagnóstico específico aparantemente claro en las primeras fases del desarrollo de Cristian habría sido un grave error ya en la tercera fase de su desarrollo si solo se tienen en cuenta los criterios evolutivo- conductuales de las clasificaciones actuales, lo cual permite construir nuevas teorías proposicionales sobre el concepto del autismo.

AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER DIAGNOSTIC SCALE- REVISED

 

EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH AND INNOVATION CONFERENCE FORUM

Autism spectrum disorder diagnostic scale - revised

PhD. Manuel Ojea Rúa
University of Vigo

 

Abstract
Empirical progress in the conceptual ambit of autism spectrum disorder configures the propositional content of this disorder on the basis of the presence of specific deficits in the transmission of information, owing to limitations in the elaboration of inter-informational relational neural- nodes, which impairs the executive-cognitive dimension at the semantic level. In this sense, the perceptual-cognitive system of neuro-psycho-biological information processing is the basic explanatory element of the disorder, which influences observable social- behaviours, as highlighted in currently international classifications. However, most diagnostic scales and tests are based almost exclusively on observable socio-behavioural behaviours, so the aim of this study is to construct a diagnostic scale based on the perceptual-cognitive principles of the global cyclical theory in order to more effectively delimit the diagnostic level of the disorder.

Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Diagnosis, Neural Networks, Global Theory.

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Escala de diagnóstico del trastorno del espectro autista- revisada

Resumen
Los avances empíricos en el ámbito conceptual del trastorno del espectro autista, configuran el contenido proposicional de este trastorno en base a la presencia de déficits específicos en la transmisión de la información, debido a las limitaciones en la elaboración nodos neurales relacionales inter- informativos, lo que dificulta la dimensión ejecutivo- cognitiva a nivel semántico. En este sentido, el sistema perceptivo- cognitivo del procesamiento neuropsico- biológico de la información conforma el elemento explicativo básico del trastorno, el cual influye sobre los criterios socio- conductuales observables, recogidas por las actuales clasificaciones internacionales. Sin embargo, la mayoría de las escalas y test de diagnóstico se basan casi exclusivamente en las conductas socio- conductuales observables, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio es construir una escala de diagnóstico, basada en los principios perceptivo- cognitivos de la teoría cíclica global para delimitar con mayor eficacia el nivel de diagnóstico del trastorno.

Palabras clave: Trastorno del Espectro Autista, Diagnóstico, Relaciones–Neurales, Teoría Global.

ACCESO AL VÍDEO

https://youtu.be/AXGkYvSWDLQ

https://www.civinedu.org/conference/400-to-600-p-m-virtual-presentations-s1a/s1a2-autism-spectrum-disorder-diagnostic-scale-revised/#post-6131

APRENDIZAJE ESCOLAR

PLANIFICACIÓN ANTICIPADA DE LA ENSEÑANZA- APRENDIZAJE O COSTRUCCIÓN ACTIVA

Diario La Región

8/0//2024